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Another implementation is a so-called "physical firewall", which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet. Some organizations are turning to big data platforms, such as Apache Hadoop , to extend data accessibility and machine learning to detect advanced persistent threats.
However, relatively few organizations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organized response mechanisms in place. As a result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars. In order to ensure adequate security, the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a network, better known as the CIA triad, must be protected and is considered the foundation to information security.
The amount of security afforded to an asset can only be determined when its value is known. Vulnerability management is the cycle of identifying, remediating or mitigating vulnerabilities , [] especially in software and firmware. Vulnerability management is integral to computer security and network security. Vulnerabilities can be discovered with a vulnerability scanner , which analyzes a computer system in search of known vulnerabilities, [] such as open ports , insecure software configuration, and susceptibility to malware.
In order for these tools to be effective, they must be kept up to date with every new update the vendor release.
Typically, these updates will scan for the new vulnerabilities that were introduced recently. Beyond vulnerability scanning, many organizations contract outside security auditors to run regular penetration tests against their systems to identify vulnerabilities.
In some sectors, this is a contractual requirement. While formal verification of the correctness of computer systems is possible, [] [] it is not yet common.
Two factor authentication is a method for mitigating unauthorized access to a system or sensitive information. It requires "something you know"; a password or PIN, and "something you have"; a card, dongle, cellphone, or another piece of hardware.
This increases security as an unauthorized person needs both of these to gain access. Social engineering and direct computer access physical attacks can only be prevented by non-computer means, which can be difficult to enforce, relative to the sensitivity of the information. Training is often involved to help mitigate this risk, but even in highly disciplined environments e.
Inoculation, derived from inoculation theory , seeks to prevent social engineering and other fraudulent tricks or traps by instilling a resistance to persuasion attempts through exposure to similar or related attempts. While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, [] [] hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security.
Using devices and methods such as dongles , trusted platform modules , intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access or sophisticated backdoor access required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below. One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems.
Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. In software engineering, secure coding aims to guard against the accidental introduction of security vulnerabilities.
It is also possible to create software designed from the ground up to be secure. Such systems are secure by design. Beyond this, formal verification aims to prove the correctness of the algorithms underlying a system; [] important for cryptographic protocols for example. Within computer systems, two of the main security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists ACLs and role-based access control RBAC. An access-control list ACL , with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions associated with an object.
An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects. Role-based access control is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users, [] [] [] used by the majority of enterprises with more than employees, [] and can implement mandatory access control MAC or discretionary access control DAC. A further approach, capability-based security has been mostly restricted to research operating systems.
Capabilities can, however, also be implemented at the language level, leading to a style of programming that is essentially a refinement of standard object-oriented design. An open-source project in the area is the E language.
This is a gift to attackers who have obtained access to a machine by some means. The risk may be mitigated by the use of two-factor authentication. As the human component of cyber risk is particularly relevant in determining the global cyber risk [] an organization is facing, security awareness training, at all levels, not only provides formal compliance with regulatory and industry mandates but is considered essential [] in reducing cyber risk and protecting individuals and companies from the great majority of cyber threats.
The focus on the end-user represents a profound cultural change for many security practitioners, who have traditionally approached cybersecurity exclusively from a technical perspective, and moves along the lines suggested by major security centers [] to develop a culture of cyber awareness within the organization, recognizing that a security-aware user provides an important line of defense against cyber attacks.
Related to end-user training, digital hygiene or cyber hygiene is a fundamental principle relating to information security and, as the analogy with personal hygiene shows, is the equivalent of establishing simple routine measures to minimize the risks from cyber threats. The assumption is that good cyber hygiene practices can give networked users another layer of protection, reducing the risk that one vulnerable node will be used to either mount attacks or compromise another node or network, especially from common cyberattacks.
As opposed to a purely technology-based defense against threats, cyber hygiene mostly regards routine measures that are technically simple to implement and mostly dependent on discipline [] or education.
As such, these measures can be performed by laypeople, not just security experts. Cyber hygiene relates to personal hygiene as computer viruses relate to biological viruses or pathogens. However, while the term computer virus was coined almost simultaneously with the creation of the first working computer viruses, [] the term cyber hygiene is a much later invention, perhaps as late as [] by Internet pioneer Vint Cerf.
Responding to attempted security breaches is often very difficult for a variety of reasons, including:. Where an attack succeeds and a breach occurs, many jurisdictions now have in place mandatory security breach notification laws. Incident response is an organized approach to addressing and managing the aftermath of a computer security incident or compromise with the goal of preventing a breach or thwarting a cyberattack.
An incident that is not identified and managed at the time of intrusion typically escalates to a more damaging event such as a data breach or system failure. The intended outcome of a computer security incident response plan is to contain the incident, limit damage and assist recovery to business as usual. Responding to compromises quickly can mitigate exploited vulnerabilities, restore services and processes and minimize losses. Typical incident response plans contain a set of written instructions that outline the organization's response to a cyberattack.
Without a documented plan in place, an organization may not successfully detect an intrusion or compromise and stakeholders may not understand their roles, processes and procedures during an escalation, slowing the organization's response and resolution. In , 60, computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On 2 November , many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers — the first internet " computer worm ".
In , over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory , the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses , hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.
In early , American apparel and home goods company TJX announced that it was the victim of an unauthorized computer systems intrusion [] and that the hackers had accessed a system that stored data on credit card , debit card , check , and merchandise return transactions. In , the computer worm known as Stuxnet reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's nuclear centrifuges. This is generally believed to have been launched by Israel and the United States to disrupt Iran's nuclear program [] [] [] [] — although neither has publicly admitted this.
A Ukrainian hacker known as Rescator broke into Target Corporation computers in , stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, [] and then Home Depot computers in , stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.
In April , the Office of Personnel Management discovered it had been hacked more than a year earlier in a data breach, resulting in the theft of approximately The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. In June , the cyber attack took down the largest fuel pipeline in the U. International legal issues of cyber attacks are complicated in nature.
There is no global base of common rules to judge, and eventually punish, cybercrimes and cybercriminals - and where security firms or agencies do locate the cybercriminal behind the creation of a particular piece of malware or form of cyber attack , often the local authorities cannot take action due to lack of laws under which to prosecute. So the Internet is as if someone [had] given free plane tickets to all the online criminals of the world. The role of the government is to make regulations to force companies and organizations to protect their systems, infrastructure and information from any cyberattacks, but also to protect its own national infrastructure such as the national power-grid.
The government's regulatory role in cyberspace is complicated. For some, cyberspace was seen as a virtual space that was to remain free of government intervention, as can be seen in many of today's libertarian blockchain and bitcoin discussions.
Many government officials and experts think that the government should do more and that there is a crucial need for improved regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco , he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If the industry doesn't respond to the threat , you have to follow through. Daniel R. McCarthy analyzed this public-private partnership in cybersecurity and reflected on the role of cybersecurity in the broader constitution of political order.
On 22 May , the UN Security Council held its second ever informal meeting on cybersecurity to focus on cyber challenges to international peace. GDPR requires that business processes that handle personal data be built with data protection by design and by default. Since , Canada has had a cybersecurity strategy. Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's cybersecurity strategy in early The LSG was created to overcome the incoherent policies and overlapping responsibilities that characterized China's former cyberspace decision-making mechanisms.
The LSG oversees policy-making in the economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as they relate to network security and IT strategy. This LSG also coordinates major policy initiatives in the international arena that promote norms and standards favored by the Chinese government and that emphasizes the principle of national sovereignty in cyberspace. According to the Minister, the primary task of the new organization founded on 23 February , is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.
Some provisions for cybersecurity have been incorporated into rules framed under the Information Technology Act The National Cyber Security Policy is a policy framework by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology MeitY which aims to protect the public and private infrastructure from cyberattacks, and safeguard "information, such as personal information of web users , financial and banking information and sovereign data".
CERT- In is the nodal agency which monitors the cyber threats in the country. The Indian Companies Act has also introduced cyber law and cybersecurity obligations on the part of Indian directors. Some provisions for cybersecurity have been incorporated into rules framed under the Information Technology Act Update in Following cyberattacks in the first half of , when the government, news media, television stations, and bank websites were compromised, the national government committed to the training of 5, new cybersecurity experts by The South Korean government blamed its northern counterpart for these attacks, as well as incidents that occurred in , , [] and , but Pyongyang denies the accusations.
The 18 U. It prohibits unauthorized access or damage of "protected computers" as defined in 18 U. Although various other measures have been proposed [] [] — none has succeeded. In response to the Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack [] President Joe Biden signed Executive Order [] on May 12, , to increase software security standards for sales to the government, tighten detection and security on existing systems, improve information sharing and training, establish a Cyber Safety Review Board, and improve incident response.
The Department of Homeland Security has a dedicated division responsible for the response system, risk management program and requirements for cybersecurity in the United States called the National Cyber Security Division.
In addition to its own specific duties, the FBI participates alongside non-profit organizations such as InfraGard. The CCIPS is in charge of investigating computer crime and intellectual property crime and is specialized in the search and seizure of digital evidence in computers and networks.
The U. Federal Communications Commission 's role in cybersecurity is to strengthen the protection of critical communications infrastructure, to assist in maintaining the reliability of networks during disasters, to aid in swift recovery after, and to ensure that first responders have access to effective communications services.
The Food and Drug Administration has issued guidance for medical devices, [] and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [] is concerned with automotive cybersecurity. After being criticized by the Government Accountability Office , [] and following successful attacks on airports and claimed attacks on airplanes, the Federal Aviation Administration has devoted funding to securing systems on board the planes of private manufacturers, and the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System.
In the US, two distinct organizations exist, although they do work closely together. There is growing concern that cyberspace will become the next theater of warfare. In the future, wars will not just be fought by soldiers with guns or with planes that drop bombs. They will also be fought with the click of a mouse a half a world away that unleashes carefully weaponized computer programs that disrupt or destroy critical industries like utilities, transportation, communications, and energy.
Such attacks could also disable military networks that control the movement of troops, the path of jet fighters, the command and control of warships. This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. The United States Cyber Command was created in [] and many other countries have similar forces. There are a few critical voices that question whether cybersecurity is as significant a threat as it is made out to be. Cybersecurity is a fast-growing field of IT concerned with reducing organizations' risk of hack or data breaches.
The fastest increases in demand for cybersecurity workers are in industries managing increasing volumes of consumer data such as finance, health care, and retail. Typical cybersecurity job titles and descriptions include: [].
Student programs are also available for people interested in beginning a career in cybersecurity. In the United Kingdom, a nationwide set of cybersecurity forums, known as the U. K Cyber Security Forum , were established supported by the Government's cybersecurity strategy [] in order to encourage start-ups and innovation and to address the skills gap [] identified by the U.
K Government. The framework defines emerging cybersecurity roles in Operational Technology. It outlines the different OT cybersecurity job positions as well as the technical skills and core competencies necessary.
It also depicts the many career paths available, including vertical and lateral advancement opportunities. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage. Phreaking Cryptovirology Hacking of consumer electronics List of hackers. Hacker culture and ethic. Computer crime. Crimeware List of computer criminals Script kiddie.
Hacking tools. Exploit forensics-focused operating systems Payload Social engineering Vulnerability. Practice sites. HackThisSite Zone-H.
Computer security. Application security Cloud computing security Network security. Main article: Vulnerability computing. Main article: Side-channel attack. Main article: Spoofing attack.
See also: Medical device hijack and Medical data breach. Main article: Secure by design. Main article: Vulnerability management. See also: Computer security compromised by hardware failure. Main article: Security-evaluated operating system. Main article: Secure coding. Main articles: Access control list , Role-based access control , and Capability-based security. Further information: List of cyber-attacks and List of data breaches.
Main article: Morris worm. Main article: Global surveillance disclosures —present. Main article: Ashley Madison Data Breach. Main article: Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack. Main article: Computer emergency response team. This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. January Main article: Cyberwarfare.
Ross J. Denning Peter J. Neumann Susan Nycum Paul C. Stolfo Willis Ware Moti Yung. Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law. ISSN Retrieved 12 July The Australian. Politics and Governance. S2CID Neumann, N. Statland and R. Webb Retrieved 19 June Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 31 May April The Washington Post.
Retrieved 8 February Lost to Hackers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December Retrieved 9 February Archived from the original on 12 October Retrieved 4 August Archived from the original on 15 August Retrieved 17 August Retrieved 25 March Archived from the original on 6 August Retrieved 12 November MSSP Alert.
Retrieved 11 May SC Magazine UK. Archived from the original on 13 September Retrieved 4 July Consumer Information. Retrieved 17 February Reversing: secrets of reverseengineering. ISBN Archived PDF from the original on 3 December Retrieved 16 April Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 June Retrieved 7 May Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 May Retrieved 20 May Archived from the original on 30 June Oxford Reference.
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Is internet access required for Microsoft ? What is a Microsoft account and why do I need it for Microsoft ? Similar to the adjacency diagram, the size of the node is easily represented in this model. Network visualization explores relationships, such as friendships and cliques. Three common types are force-directed layout, arc diagrams, and matrix view.
Force-directed layouts are a common and intuitive approach to network layout. In this system, nodes are similar to charged particles, which repel each other. Links are used to pull related nodes together. Arc diagrams are one-dimensional layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking each node. When used properly, with good order in nodes, cliques and bridges are easily identified in this layout.
Alternatively, mathematicians and computer scientists more often use matrix views. Each value has an x,y value in the matrix that corresponds to a node. By using color and saturation instead of text, values associated with the links can be perceived rapidly.
While this method makes it hard to view the path of the nodes, there are no line crossings, which in a large and highly connected network can quickly become too cluttered. While all of these visualizations can be effectively used on their own, many modern infographics combine multiple types into one graphic, along with other features, such as illustrations and text. Some modern infographics do not even contain data visualization, and instead are simply a colorful and succinct ways to present knowledge.
Fifty-three percent of the 30 most-viewed infographics on the infographic sharing site visual. Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such as graph paper , pencils , markers, and rulers. However, today they are more often created using computer software , which is often both faster and easier.
They can be created with general illustration software. Diagrams can be manually created and drawn using software, which can be downloaded for the desktop or used online.
Templates can be used to get users started on their diagrams. Additionally, the software allows users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over the Internet.
There are also numerous tools to create very specific types of visualizations, such as creating a visualization based on embedded data in the photos on a user's smartphone. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Graphic visual representation of information. Main article: Data visualization. Main article: Statistical graphics. Main article: Geovisualization. A picture is worth a thousand words Argument map Charts Digital dashboard Data Presentation Architecture Data visualization Edugraphic Graphic design Graphic image development Graphic organizers Information design List of information graphics software Scientific visualization Statistical graphics Technical illustration Isotype picture language Timeline Visualization graphic News Illustrated Maestro Concept Family tree.
Public Relations Writing: Form and Style. ISBN Communications of the ACM. Information visualization. Jacko Eds. Retrieved Mark Smiciklas. Retrieved July 17, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. The Huntington. Retrieved 29 October Gray JSTOR S2CID Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on Keith; Wilson, Robin J.
Graph Theory, Clarendon Press. Massachusetts: Princeton Architectural Press. Envisioning Information. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information 2nd ed.
Paul Rouget. Venture Harbour. Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 6 December Information Visualization. Communication Design Quarterly Review. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Information graphics. Visualization of technical information. Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization.
Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Categories : Illustration Graphic design Infographics News design. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October Articles with unsourced statements from July Commons category link is on Wikidata.
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Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Office for Mac that comes with a Microsoft subscription is updated on a regular basis to provide new features, security updates, and handiuts updates. If you're an admin and want to update the computers in your organization with your existing software deployment tools, you can download and deploy the update packages for each application.
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This release addresses compatibility issues in Word and PowerPoint with some third-party fonts or in mixed-language environments. Skip to main content. This browser is no longer supported. Download Microsoft Edge More info. Table of contents Exit focus источник статьи. Table of contents. These release notes also apply to Office for Mac, Office LTSC for Mac, and Office for Mac, micosoft are available as a one-time purchase from a retail store or through a volume licensing agreement.
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This topic gives you step-by-step instructions and best practices on how to make your Word documents accessible and unlock your content to everyone, including people with disabilities. Word has many features built-in that help people with different abilities to read and author documents.
In this topic, you learn, for example, how to work with the Accessibility Checker to tackle accessibility issues while you're writing your document. You'll also learn how to add alt texts to images so that people using screen readers are able to listen to what the image is all about. You can also learn about how to use fonts, colors, and styles to maximize the inclusiveness of your Word documents before sharing them with others.
Best practices for making Word documents accessible. Check accessibility while you work in Word. Avoid using tables. Use built-in headings and styles. Create paragraph banners. Add alt text to visuals. Add accessible hyperlink text and ScreenTips. Use accessible font format and color. Create accessible lists. Adjust space between sentences and paragraphs. Test accessibility with Immersive Reader. The following table includes key best practices for creating Word documents that are accessible to people with disabilities.
Avoid common accessibility issues such as missing alternative text alt text and low contrast colors. Use the Accessibility Checker. If you have to use tables, use a simple table structure for data only, and specify column header information. To ensure that tables don't contain split cells, merged cells, or nested tables, use the Accessibility Checker. Screen readers keep track of their location in a table by counting table cells.
Blank cells in a table could also mislead someone using a screen reader into thinking that there is nothing more in the table. Use table headers. To preserve tab order and to make it easier for screen readers to read your documents, use a logical heading order and the built-in formatting tools in Word. To find missing alt text, use the Accessibility Checker. To determine whether hyperlink text makes sense as standalone information and whether it gives readers accurate information about the destination target, visually scan your document.
Add hyperlink text and ScreenTips. People who are blind, have low vision, or are colorblind might miss out on the meaning conveyed by particular colors. Use accessible font format. To find insufficient color contrast, use the Accessibility Checker. If your document has a high level of contrast between text and background, more people can see and use the content.
Use accessible font color. Top of Page. The Accessibility Checker is a tool that reviews your content and flags accessibility issues it comes across. It explains why each issue might be a potential problem for someone with a disability.
The Accessibility Checker also suggests how you can resolve the issues that appear. In Word, the Accessibility Checker runs automatically in the background when you're creating a document. If the Accessibility Checker detects accessibility issues, you will get a reminder in the status bar. The Accessibility pane opens, and you can now review and fix accessibility issues.
For more info, go to Improve accessibility with the Accessibility Checker and Video: Check the accessibility of your document. Tip: Use the Accessibility Reminder add-in for Office to notify authors and contributors of accessibility issues in their documents. With the add-in, you can quickly add reminder comments that spread awareness of accessibility issues and encourage the use of the Accessibility Checker.
For more info, go to Use the Accessibility Reminder to notify authors of accessibility issues. In general, avoid tables if possible and present the data another way, like paragraphs with headings and banners.
Tables with fixed width might prove difficult to read for people who use Magnifier, because such tables force the content to a specific size. This makes the font very small, which forces Magnifier users to scroll horizontally, especially on mobile devices. If you have to use tables, use the following guidelines to make sure your table is as accessible as possible:. If you have hyperlinks in your table, edit the link texts, so they make sense and don't break mid-sentence. Make sure the document is easily read with Magnifier.
Use a simple table structure for data only and specify column header information. Screen readers also use header information to identify rows and columns. For step-by-step instructions on how to add a header row to a table, go to Create accessible tables in Word. Headings are meant to be scanned, both visually and with assistive technology. Ideally, headings explain what a document section is about. Use the built-in heading styles and create descriptive heading texts to make it easier for screen reader users to determine the structure of the document and navigate the headings.
Organize headings in the prescribed logical order and do not skip heading levels. Organize the information in your document into small chunks. Ideally, each heading would include only a few paragraphs. For the step-by-step instructions on how to use the headings and styles, go to Improve accessibility with heading styles. In addition to using headings to organize the content in your document, you can also create paragraph banners. In a paragraph banner, the background color block extends across the width of the document and highlights the text within the banner.
This is a great alternative to tables to organize and separate content. For instructions on how to create paragraph banners, go to Apply shading to words or paragraphs. Visual content includes pictures, SmartArt graphics, shapes, groups, charts, embedded objects, ink, and videos. In alt text, briefly describe the image and mention its intent.
Avoid using text in images as the sole method of conveying important information. If you must use an image with text in it, repeat that text in the document.
In alt text, briefly describe the image and mention the existence of the text and its intent. Tip: To write a good alt text, make sure to convey the content and the purpose of the image in a concise and unambiguous manner. Do not repeat the surrounding textual content as alt text or use phrases referring to images, such as, "a graphic of" or "an image of. For the step-by-step instructions on how to add alt text, go to Add alternative text to a shape, picture, chart, SmartArt graphic, or other object.
For audio and video content, in addition to alt text, include closed captioning for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Instead of grouping objects in a diagram, flatten the diagram into a picture and add alt text to the picture.
If you group the objects, the child objects are still in the tab order with groups. People who use screen readers sometimes scan a list of links.
Links should convey clear and accurate information about the destination. For example, avoid using link texts such as "Click here," "See this page," Go here," or "Learn more.
You can also add ScreenTips that appear when your cursor hovers over text or images that include a hyperlink. For example, this hyperlink text matches the title on the destination page: Create more with Microsoft templates. For the step-by-step instructions on how to create accessible hyperlinks and ScreenTips, go to Create accessible links in Word and Create or edit a hyperlink. An accessible font doesn't exclude or slow down the reading speed of anyone reading a document, including people with low vision or reading disability or people who are blind.
The right font improves the legibility and readability of the document. For instructions on how to change the default font, go to Change the default font in Word. To reduce the reading load, select familiar sans serif fonts such as Arial or Calibri. Avoid using all capital letters and excessive italics or underlines. A person with a vision disability might miss out on the meaning conveyed by particular colors.
Add shapes if color is used to indicate status. Note: These resources provide other suggestions: usability. The text in your document should be readable in a high contrast mode. For example, use bright colors or high-contrast color schemes on opposite ends of the color spectrum.
White and black schemes make it easier for people who are colorblind to distinguish text and shapes. To ensure that text displays well in a high contrast mode, use the Automatic setting for font colors. For instructions on how to change the font color in Word, go to Change the font color. Use the Accessibility Checker to analyze the document and find insufficient color contrast. The tool now checks the documents for text color against page color, table cell backgrounds, highlight, textbox fill color, paragraph shading, shape and SmartArt fills, headers and footers, and links.
Use the Colour Contrast Analyser , a free app that analyzes colors and contrast, and displays results almost immediately. To make it easier for screen readers to read your document, organize the information in your document into small chunks such as bulleted or numbered lists.
Design lists so that you do not need to add a plain paragraph without a bullet or number to the middle of a list.
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